不同挥发物诱导的合作杨叶片中POD,PPO及PAL活性变化

以1年生合作杨扦插苗为试验材料,利用茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)分别与水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)、顺式己烯醛(cis-hexenal)、反式己烯醛(trarts-hexenal)和苯骈噻唑(benzothiazole)混合的4种挥发物熏蒸合作杨叶片,检测过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)3种防御酶的活性变化.结果表明:经过4种混合挥发物熏蒸后,合作杨叶片中POD,PPO和PAL活性都有明显的升高,并且2种挥发物混合的诱导效果要高于单独一种挥发物,但不仅仅是每一种挥发物诱导效果的相加之和.从诱导酶活增加的效果来看,在这4种混合挥发物中,MeJA+cis-hexenal的诱导能力最高.     

微生态制剂 对樱桃谷肉鸭免疫机能的影响

将微生态制剂添加到基础日粮中饲喂初生樱桃谷肉鸭,于14日龄、21日龄、35日龄、42日龄时采血检测红细胞C3b受体花环(E-C3bR)率、红细胞免疫复合物花环(E-ICR)率和外周血T淋巴细胞,然后屠宰取脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊测定免疫器官指数.试验结果证明,14、21、35、42日龄试验组红细胞C3b受体花环(E-C3bR)率分别为17.09±0.36、16.12±0.39、15.27±0.46、15.35±0.30(分别比对照组高出6.28%、7.83%、8.99%和6.15%),红细胞免疫复合物花环(E-ICR)率分别为11.15±0.34、10.08±0.37、9.96±0.39和9.33±0.23(分别比对照组高出8.36%、12.25%、10.91%和10.28%).采用酸性α-醋酸萘酯酶(ANAE+)染色法.对四个相同日龄段鸭的外周血T淋巴细胞检测数量分别为57.18±0.71、66.52±0.51、69.66±0.57和71.92±0.51(分别高出对照组5.56%、8.27%、3.09%和5.04%).21日龄时试验组的胸腺指数、脾脏指数、法氏囊指数分别为6.15±0.15、1.14±0.06和1.73±0.07(分别高出对照组14.10%、13.07%和14.00%),42日龄时试验组分别为3.82±0.06、0.96±0.05和0.88±0.09(分别高出对照组25.26%、15.66%和35.38%).本研究结果显示,微生态制剂可以促进肉鸭免疫器官的生长发育,提高樱桃谷肉鸭的免疫器官指数,进而提高鸭群的特异性和非特异性免疫能力.     

3种芽孢杆菌菌剂对黄瓜枯萎病的防效及其作用机制初探

以含有黄瓜枯萎病病原菌(尖孢镰刀菌)的病土为材料,采用盆栽试验研究巨大芽孢杆菌B213、多粘类芽孢杆菌B207和枯草芽孢杆菌B204单独或联合施用对黄瓜枯萎病的防效,并对其作用机制进行初步分析。结果显示:3种芽孢杆菌单独或组合施用后均可有效抑制黄瓜枯萎病的发生,并显著增加黄瓜植株的生物量,且三菌剂联用双菌剂联用单菌剂施用。在黄瓜幼苗移栽后35 d,与对照组相比,三菌剂联用组黄瓜枯萎病的发病率降低了79.99%;植株干质量提高了6.92倍;植株抗性酶如苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性分别提高了60.02%、28.90%和108.60%;根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量下降了2个数量级。该防病促生效果可能与这3种芽孢杆菌对病原菌的拮抗作用、溶磷能力以及吲哚乙酸、蛋白酶、几丁质酶和嗜铁素的分泌能力有关。     

Post-prandial protease activity in the digestive tract of African catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae fed decapsulated cysts of Artemia

The alkaline proteolytic activity in the gut of African catfish larvae was studied during short time ranges from 30 min to 4 h after ingestion of decapsulated Artemia cysts. The variation in total protease and trypsin activities during the day was monitored during starvation, after one single meal ingestion, and during continuous feeding. In starved larvae the enzymatic activity was low and did not change in time. No significant endogenous secretion of digestive enzymes was detected. The level of alkaline proteolytic activity found in starved larvae was further considered as the basal level. In larvae fed only one meal during the day, the enzyme activity significantly increased from 3 h post-feeding up to a maximum level found 12 h after feeding. In the larvae receiving a meal every 4 h, the effect of feeding on the proteolytic activity was significantly different from the one in fish fed only once a day. The total protease activity in this dietary treatment changed according to the time of feeding and fluctuated around a constant level, which was intermediate between the maximum and the basal level. No rhythmic cycle of enzyme production in the fish was observed when the proteolytic activity was studied during a cycle of 24 h. When specific trypsin activity was measured, a similar pattern was found as with the total protease. The contribution of digestive enzymes from Artemia to the total digestion of food by the catfish larvae was calculated to be less than 1% of the total amount of the proteolytic activity measured in the larval gut.     

MINI REVIEW Pasta brownness: An Assessment

Pasta colour is an essential factor in assessing pasta quality. It results from a desirable yellow component, an undesirable brown component and, under some drying conditions, a red component. The cause of pasta brownness is complex and its biochemical and technological basis is still a matter of controversy. This paper is a comprehensive review of the literature data in the light of results which have been recently obtained in our laboratory. Pasta brightness (L) is an indicator of the attenuation of the light reflected by pasta samples. Brownness is usually defined as 100-L, and brownish pasta is characterised by a low L value and a dominant wavelength in the 578 nm region. The contributions of cultivar and location to the variance of L are about 15% and 65%, respectively. Within the same cultivar, L decreases when the protein and ash contents increase but the basis of these relations are not known. Pasta brownness is the result of an inherent brownness of the endosperm (the dominant parameter in the case of semolina scarcely contaminated by the peripheral parts of the grain), of the degree of purity of the semolina and of Maillard reactions when pasta are dried at high temperature. Inherent brownness of semolina could be due to a water-soluble copper protein (Matsuo's brown protein) and/or to the action of oxidising enzymes which would take place during grain maturation. The brown colour of spaghetti increases sharply with the ash content of the milling streams. Whether such brownness results from the inherent brownness of milling streams or from the action of polyphenol oxidase is not known. Kneading and extrusion of pasta have no significant effect on brownness. The formation of brown «melanoidin» pigments due to the development of Maillard reactions is related to the reducing-sugar content of pasta and the drying parameters. Recommendations for future research are given, which include further genetic and physicochemical investigations of Matsuo's brown protein, the evolution of polyphenoloxidase activity during durum wheat grain maturation and the relationship between pasta brownness and the PPO activity of milling streams.     

Heat treatment affects protein quality and protease activity in decapsulated cysts of Artemia when used as starter food for larvae of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell)

Decapsulated cysts of Artemia subjected to different heat treatments (40, 60, 80 and 96 °C) were fed to African catfish Clarias gariepinus larvae. Heated cysts, untreated cysts and live Artemia nauplii as control constituted the experimental diets. Protein denaturation and solubility, total alkaline protease and specific trypsin activities in the cyst diets were evaluated. The growth of catfish larvae and the proteolytic activity of larval samples during development were also determined. Heat treatment of cysts increased protein denaturation and decreased protein solubility. The protease activity in the cyst diets decreased with higher heating temperatures. The growth of catfish larvae differed according to the diet; higher fish growth was achieved with nauplii and cysts heated at 40 °C. The digestive enzyme activity in larval samples remained similar in all dietary treatments during larval development. The quality of food protein and the way this protein is processed might be more important for successful larval growth than exogenous enzyme supply.     

Growth and Anti-Oxidative Systems Changes in Elymus dahuricus is Affected by Neotyphodium Endophyte Under Contrasting Water Availability

Although the relationship between fungal endophyte and agronomic grass (Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea) in drought tolerance are well documented, the mechanisms responsible for wild grass are not well understood. In this study, we determined the biomass production and growth parameters endophyte infected (E+) and endophyte uninfected (E−) Elymus dahuricus plants under high water (HW) and low water (LW) treatment for 8 weeks in a controlled‐environment condition experiment. We also determined the changes in the activities of the anti‐oxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and content of H₂O₂, as well as levels of proline and chlorophyll a + b were examined in the leaves of E+ and E− plants. Under low water treatment, E+ plants produced more biomass and had higher values in plant height and tiller numbers, but no influence by the fungus were observed in high water treatment. Anti‐oxidative enzyme (include SOD, POD, CAT and APX) activities and contents of proline and chlorophyll a + b increased and H₂O₂ concentration declined in the E+ plants compared with E− plants under low water treatment. Therefore, endophyte infection was a benefit to growth and anti‐oxidative affection E. dahuricus under low water treatment.     

梭梭属植物抗氧化酶活性对荒漠环境的季节性响应

以生长在中国科学院吐鲁番沙漠植物园荒漠干旱胁迫下的梭梭属植物为研究对象,结合地下水位变化及高温持续天数,定期测定生长季内梭梭属植物同化枝抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明：在干旱胁迫初期（4,5月）,梭梭属植物同化枝内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性明显增加,随着地下水位的下降和持续高温时间的延长（6-8月）,超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性继续增高,在生长季末期（9,10月）胁迫减弱时又缓慢降低;而过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性在6-8月随着持续高温时间的延长和胁迫强度的增加,其活性急剧下降直至为0。在整个生长季内,梭梭和白梭梭超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶对高温干旱反应敏感;白梭梭超氧化物歧化酶活性高于梭梭,表明梭梭抗旱性比白梭梭强。     

Effects of dietary live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii on the immune and antioxidant system in juvenile leopard grouper Mycteroperca rosacea exposed to stress

This study investigated the effects of the dietary intake of live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii (CBS 8339) on the immune response of juvenile leopard groupers Mycteroperca rosacea and on their resistance to infection by dinoflagellates Amyloodinium ocellatum.During 4 weeks, juvenile groupers were fed either a diet supplemented with D. hansenii at 10⁶ cfu g^− 1 or a control diet. Both groups were then transferred to a system infected with A. ocellatum and maintained in this stressful environment, for one week. Rearing conditions were favorable to the proliferation of the dinoflagellate and, at 7 days post-infection, the cumulative mortality rate of the control group was 89.5%, suggesting that the yeast-enriched diet conferred protection against the parasite. Only fish with yeast-supplemented diet recovered from the A. ocellatum challenge.The immunological response of both groups of fish was evaluated. Samples were collected at weeks 4 (stressed fish) and 7 (recovering fish) to determine the levels of hemoglobin, plasmatic protein, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT). IgM increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in the recovering fish, which had all been fed the yeast diet. A significantly increase was also observed in superoxide dismutase activity in juvenile fish fed the yeast diet; however catalase activity was not affected by the dietary yeast supplement. Overall, fish that received the yeast supplement in their diet have an enhanced immune response as compared with their control counterparts. The present results show that a diet supplemented with D. hansenii stimulates the immune system of juvenile M. rosacea thus enhancing their resistance against A. ocellatum.     

The Effect of Short Warm Breaks during Chilling on Photosynthesis and the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes in Plants Sensitive to Chilling

The effect of short warm breaks (from 15 min to 5 h) during chilling of three chilling-sensitive species (tomato, maize and soybean) was investigated. Injuries, intensity of net photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. Throughout chilling treatment, plants were warmed by transferring them during the last few hours of the light phase from chilling temperature (5 °C for tomato and maize, 2 °C for soybean) to 20 °C. After warming, seedlings were moved back to chilling conditions. Warm breaks of 5 h almost entirely prevented the appearance of injuries, as measured by changes in leakage of electrolytes and tissue water content, during 12 days of chilling. Even a 15-min warm break ensured a significant decrease in injuries in chilled maize seedlings compared to continuously chilled seedlings. Inhibition of gas exchange and fluorescence in seedlings of two maize genotypes differing in chilling resistance was, to a small extent, prevented by 1-h warm breaks, while 4-h warm breaks reduced inhibition significantly. The length of the warm break (1 or 4 h) had no influence on changes in SOD activity compared to continuously chilled plants, but warm breaks of 4 h produced a significant increase in CAT activity. The possible influence of an alternative pathway in preventing injuries is discussed.